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991.
A simple, sensitive and powerful on-line sequential injection (SI) dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) system was developed as an alternative approach for on-line metal preconcentration and separation, using extraction solvent at microlitre volume. The potentials of this novel schema, coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), were demonstrated for trace copper and lead determination in water samples. The stream of methanol (disperser solvent) containing 2.0% (v/v) xylene (extraction solvent) and 0.3% (m/v) ammonium diethyldithiophosphate (chelating agent) was merged on-line with the stream of sample (aqueous phase), resulting a cloudy mixture, which was consisted of fine droplets of the extraction solvent dispersed entirely into the aqueous phase. By this continuous process, metal chelating complexes were formed and extracted into the fine droplets of the extraction solvent. The hydrophobic droplets of organic phase were retained into a microcolumn packed with PTFE-turnings. A portion of 300 μL isobutylmethylketone was used for quantitative elution of the analytes, which transported directly to the nebulizer of FAAS. All the critical parameters of the system such as type of extraction solvent, flow-rate of disperser and sample, extraction time as well as the chemical parameters were studied. Under the optimum conditions the enhancement factor for copper and lead was 560 and 265, respectively. For copper, the detection limit and the precision (R.S.D.) were 0.04 μg L−1 and 2.1% at 2.0 μg L−1 Cu(II), respectively, while for lead were 0.54 μg L−1 and 1.9% at 30.0 μg L−1 Pb(II), respectively. The developed method was evaluated by analyzing certified reference material and applied successfully to the analysis of environmental water samples. 相似文献
992.
Mingli Chen 《Talanta》2009,78(1):88-1591
The separation and speciation of inorganic arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) are facilitated by employing a novel sequential injection system incorporating two mini-columns followed by detection with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. An octadecyl immobilized silica mini-column is used for selective retention of the complex between As(III) and APDC, while the sorption of As(V) is readily accomplished by a 717 anion exchange resin mini-column. The retained As(III)-PDC complex and As(V) are effectively eluted with a 3.0 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid solution as stripping reagent, which well facilitates the ensuing hydride generation process via reaction with tetrahydroborate. With a sampling volume of 1.0 mL and an eluent volume of 100 μL for both species, linear ranges of 0.05-1.5 μg L−1 for As(III) and 0.1-1.5 μg L−1 for As(V) are obtained, along with enrichment factors of 7.0 and 8.2, respectively. Precisions of 2.8% for As(III) and 2.9% for As(V) are derived at the concentration level of 1.0 μg L−1. The practical applicability of the procedure has been demonstrated by analyzing a certified reference material of riverine water (SLRS-4), in addition to spiking recovery in a lake water sample matrix. 相似文献
993.
A chemically modified electrode was successfully fabricated by means of depositing a thin layer of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) on an amine adsorbed graphite paraffin wax composite electrode using a new approach. The electrode was further coated with Nafion. The electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode were studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modified electrode catalyzed dopamine (DA) oxidation in the concentration range of 1.5×10?6 to 1.2×10?3 M without the interference from ascorbic acid (AA). A detection limit of 4.9×10?7 M was obtained for DA in the presence of AA with a correlation coefficient of 0.9972 based on S/N=3. Flow injection analysis was used for the determination of dopamine with excellent reproducible results. The analytical utility of the sensor was evaluated for detection of DA in urine. 相似文献
994.
Guo-Bin Jung Cheng-Hsin Tu Pei-Hung Chi Ay Su Fang-Bor Weng Yur-Tsai Lin Yu-Chun Chiang Chi-Yuan Lee Wei-Mon Yan 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2009,13(9):1455-1465
An experimental and simulation research had been performed to investigate the performance as well as the flow distribution
in the cathode flow field in the case of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The gas was well distributed in serpentine flow
field, whereas stagnation of the gas was observed in parallel flow field. These would contribute to the cell performance greatly
due to mass transfer effect when the cells start operating. In addition, the durability test of DMFC was drastically affected
in parallel flow field due to poor ability to drain flooded water produced electrochemically at cathode and crossover from
anode. In addition, pressure drops of different flow fields were also investigated to evaluate their contribution and feasibility
as an economic application for DMFC. DMFC with serpentine flow field featuring higher pressure difference resulted in a larger
parasitic energy demand. However, the optimal flow field designs are needed to balance the performance and pressure loss to
achieve a uniform fluid distribution and simultaneously minimize energy demand for mass transport. Consequently, flow field
with grid pattern appears to be the optimal design for the DMFC cathode. 相似文献
995.
Philipp Zacharias Dr. Malte C. Gather Dr. Anne Köhnen Dr. Nina Rehmann Klaus Meerholz Prof. Dr. 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2009,48(22):3883-3883
Programmable organic light‐emitting diodes: UV irradiation converts an oxetane‐functionalized dithienylethene derivative from its colorless open form into a dark blue closed form, while visible light reverses the reaction. In the Communication on page 4038 ff., K. Meerholz and co‐workers describe a reversibly switchable organic light‐emitting diode based on this principle.
996.
M. López-Sánchez M. J. Ayora-Cañada A. Molina-Díaz M. Siam W. Huber G. Quintás S. Armenta B. Lendl 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2009,394(8):2137-2144
A mid-infrared enzymatic assay for label-free monitoring of the enzymatic reaction of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase with fructose
1,6-bisphosphate has been proposed. The whole procedure was done in an automated way operating in the stopped flow mode by
incorporating a temperature-controlled flow cell in a sequential injection manifold. Fourier transform infrared difference
spectra were evaluated for kinetic parameters, like the Michaelis–Menten constant (K
M) of the enzyme and V
max of the reaction. The obtained K
M of the reaction was 14 ± 3 g L−1 (41 μM). Furthermore, inhibition by adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) was evaluated, and the K
MApp value was determined to be 12 ± 2 g L−1 (35 μM) for 7.5 and 15 μM AMP, respectively, with V
max decreasing from 0.1 ± 0.03 to 0.05 ± 0.01 g L−1 min−1. Therefore, AMP exerted a non-competitive inhibition. 相似文献
997.
The problem of steady laminar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection heat transfer about a vertical plate is studied numerically, taking into account the effects of Ohmic heating and viscous dissipation. A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plate. The resulting governing equations are transformed into the non-similar boundary layer equations and solved using the Keller box method. Both the aiding-buoyancy mode and the opposing-buoyancy mode of the mixed convection are examined. The velocity and temperature profiles as well as the local skin friction and local heat transfer parameters are determined for different values of the governing parameters, mainly the magnetic parameter, the Richardson number, the Eckert number and the suction/injection parameter, fw. For some specific values of the governing parameters, the results agree very well with those available in the literature. Generally, it is determined that the local skin friction coefficient and the local heat transfer coefficient increase owing to suction of fluid, increasing the Richardson number, Ri (i.e. the mixed convection parameter) or decreasing the Eckert number. This trend reverses for blowing of fluid and decreasing the Richardson number or decreasing the Eckert number. It is disclosed that the value of Ri determines the effect of the magnetic parameter on the momentum and heat transfer. 相似文献
998.
Diamantidis C. Alexandros Papadopoulos T. Chrissoleon 《European Journal of Operational Research》2009
This paper examines a model of a serial flow line with two workstations and an intermediate buffer. Each workstation consists of multiple unreliable parallel machines which are not necessarily identical, viz., the processing times, failure times and repair times of the parallel machines at each workstation are assumed to be exponentially distributed with non-identical mean rates. The system under consideration is solved via exact Markovian analysis. More specifically, a recursive algorithm that generates the transition matrix for any value of the intermediate buffer capacity is developed and all possible transition equations are derived and solved analytically. Once the transition equations are solved the performance measures of the model under consideration can be easily evaluated. This model may be used as a decomposition block for solving larger flow lines with parallel unreliable machines at each workstation. 相似文献
999.
Hatem Hadda 《Optimization Letters》2009,3(4):583-592
In this paper, we deal with a special case of the two-machine flow shop scheduling problem with several availability constraints
on the second machine, under the resumable scenario. We develop an improved algorithm with a relative worst-case error bound
of 4/3. 相似文献
1000.
The shortage of ready to use small sized liquid propulsion and switching devices for microfluidic cells (μ-cell) is a bottleneck in the dissemination of micro-flow analysis (μ-FA), now that microfluidic electrochemical cells can be designed and assembled in any laboratory by thermal transfer of laser printed masks and CD-Rs. Microprocessor-controlled electronic pipettors, commercially available with minimum capacity of 10 μL, represent a compromise solution between oversized peristaltic pumps and tiny “on a chip” micropumps and valves. The versatility of the electronic pipette coupled with the μ-cell (13-μm deep longitudinal channel) was demonstrated in three operation modes: SIA like, FIA like and direct injection analysis (DIA). Injections of 100 nL K4Fe(CN)6 (0.1 mol L−1 KCl) define a linear analytical curve (r = 0.999) in the range of 5 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−3 mol L−1 for flow amperometry at a gold electrode potentiostated at 0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. Methods for the amperometric μ-flow determination of promethazine (FIA like), dipyrone (SIA like) and chlorpromazine (DIA) in pharmaceutical formulations were developed and applied to real samples. Excellent linearity of analytical curves and high repeatability (R.S.D. < 3.0%) at the low picomole range was obtained and all results for real samples were in agreement with reference methods. The results reflect the stability and the reliability of the setups envisioned for the electronic pipette coupled with amperometric μ-cell and the validity of the μ-FA methods. 相似文献